Strong primary healthcare (PHC) is the key to more efficient health systems with lower health spending and better health outcomes. A first step to strengthening primary care services is to evaluate current performance. This report determines the cost of selected clinical services provided at the primary care level across six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE). The cost of a selection of public sector primary level clinical outpatient services was estimated in each country based on costs of the health workforce as well as drugs and supplies to further promote preventative and close-to-client services in the region, giving a snapshot of PHC across the region and providing recommendations to improve future resource allocations for public PHC to better meet evolving population health needs. Key findings from the synthesis report include:  

• For each country, between 72 and 101 clinical services were costed, with the total estimated per capita cost for all services varying from US$ 69 in Saudi Arabia to US$ 272 in Kuwait. 
• The total estimated cost for the set of clinical services provided at the primary care level in all GCC countries combined in 2019 was US$ 5.7 billion. In each country this cost varied from US$ 160 million in Bahrain to US$ 2.3 billion in Saudi Arabia. 
• The clinical services costed in this study were assigned to eight health programmes. The programmes contributing the most to the total cost of clinical services were general practice and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). 
• Recommendations include strengthening PHC services by training and incentivizing healthcare providers in the primary care sector, investing in research and monitoring, while scaling-up mental health and prevention and screening services at the primary care level.