Securing a Sustainable Future for the Majestic Malayan Tiger
Future Pending
July 25, 2024
By Clara Yan Yi Wei, Nur Izzati Roslan and Nosrat Ravichandran
The Malayan tiger, Panthera tigris jacksoni is an iconic symbol of Malaysia's rich biodiversity and a critical component of the country’s natural heritage. This subspecies of tiger is distinguished by its smaller size and darker coat compared to other tiger subspecies, and is restricted to Peninsular Malaysia. In the 1950s, it was estimated that around 3,000 tigers once roamed the vast rainforests of the Peninsular; now, fewer than 150 wild tigers remain, primarily in the Taman-Negara National Park, Belum-Temengor Forest Complex, and Endau-Rompin Forest Complex. A combination of land use change from the industrial agriculture and development era post independence, wildlife poaching, habitat loss, and prey scarcity has precipitated this decline over the years. Compounding the threats is the insufficient and fragmented financial landscape for conservation efforts. The Global Wildlife Program (GWP) Phase II project is a collaborative effort between the Malaysian Government and international bodies to reduce wildlife crime and enhance protection of Malaysia’s iconic wildlife species.
With support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is working with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability (NRES) and key partners Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia (DWNP), Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD) and Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) to safeguard three iconic wildlife species and their habitats within critical protected area complexes.
“NRES through the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN) remains committed towards Malayan Tiger conservation with various initiatives including the implementation of GWP project involving UNDP Malaysia with USD1.5 million fund from Global Environment Facility (GEF) for Malayan Tiger conservation activities including in Kampung Cangkung and Sungai Keniyam in Pahang until 2028”
-- YB Nik Nazmi bin Nik Ahmad, Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability (excerpt from Global Tiger Day 2024 speech at Biodiversity Institute in Pahang, Malaysia)
Focusing on the Malayan Tiger In Peninsular Malaysia, Bornean Orangutan in Sarawak and Bornean Banteng in Sabah, this project will contribute towards improving Malaysia’s capacity to prevent, combat and investigate wildlife crimes as well as to strengthen the participatory management of protected area landscapes.
"The Ministry regards the GWP Malaysia project as a strategic platform to enhance key stakeholders' capacity and capability to safeguard the iconic Malayan Tiger across Malaysia's diverse geography and rich biodiversity."
-- Biodiversity and Forestry Management Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability
GWP involves multi-stakeholder collaboration at national, sub-national and local scales, with specific attention paid to the engagement of indigenous communities and women; strengthened national leadership and coordination of the multi-agency response to wildlife crime; evidence-driven conservation management approaches; testing and implementation of innovative technologies and best practices that enhance capacity for cost-effective prevention and management of wildlife crime; and enterprise development, including the establishment of tourism concession models and sustainable livelihoods that enable rural communities to gain greater benefits from wildlife conservation. The project aims to directly benefit 45,000 people, of whom 2020 (47%) are women.
To protect an umbrella species such as a tiger, conservation efforts call for a holistic approach such as integrated landscape management, which requires a long-term horizon planning and appropriate allocation of resources to be able to deliver permanent results at scale. An assessment on the Malaysia Biodiversity Financing Needs for 2018-2025 estimates that ≈US$530mon average per year is needed in order to fund biodiversity related initiatives to achieve the national biodiversity targets. An estimated $297m is secured annually from various sources, with public funds as the primary source (67%), leaving ≈$233m of biodiversity gap annually. Unlocking private financing for large-scale nature conservation efforts is therefore one of the opportunities that needs to be tapped on. Many existing financing mechanisms such as wildlife bonds, debt for nature swaps, and impact funds, although important, need to be complemented with new financing approaches to bridge the gaps these instruments are not able to meet.
The GWP is one source of additional funding for conservation efforts to protect the Malayan tiger, Bornean Orangutan and Bornean Banteng. However, beyond the project life, funds need to be secured to continue the work. The future of the Malayan tiger hinges on scaled-up and sustained collaborative conservation efforts, where the possibility lies in leveraging the landscape approach and appropriately designed private-sector financing. Multiple sources of financing would enable implementation of an integrated landscape management approach to reduce habitat loss, restore ecological connectivity, elevate law enforcement, promote sustainable livelihoods for local communities, encourage biodiversity friendly agriculture practices, strengthen the governance and management of natural resources, and, where needed, create suitable habitats for tiger reintroduction. These efforts will ultimately offer an integrated solution to catalyse the realisation of the sustainable development goals.
Footnotes: We sincerely appreciate the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability for their contributions in making this publication possible.